The Black Death: Plague

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Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacillus.  It is in the family Enterobacteriaceae.  Most mammals are susceptible to plague, especially cats.  Wild rodents, such as prairie dogs, chipmunks, ground squirrels, and voles are the reservoir hosts.  Plague has been listed as a potential biological warfare agent. 

The bacteria is spread from an infected host by the bite of an infected flea.  Carnivores can also become infected by eating a rodent or rabbit that has fleas, thus consuming an infected flea. 

Humans can be infected from the bite of an infected flea, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhaling the bacteria.

Incubation periods are short for plague, usually ranging from 1-4 days.  There are 3 forms of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic.  The bubonic form is the most common, and the one associated with the “Black Death”.  This form causes a swollen, painful lymph node called a “bubo.”  As the disease progresses, these buboes turn black and rupture.  This can easily be confused for a cat fight abscess in cats. 

Pneumonic plague is less common, but the deadliest form.  This form occurs when the bacteria have colonized the lungs.  The patient then spreads the disease by either coughing or sneezing.  The bacteria can be aerosolized, and spread to any animal or person within 6 feet, and can remain in the air for up to 45 minutes.  Treatment must be started within 24 hours of exposure to prevent infection.

Septicemic plague occurs when the bacteria enter the blood and is spread throughout the body.  This commonly occurs secondary to pneumonic plague.

People working in veterinary hospitals in endemic areas are especially at risk of contracting the disease.  As we know, cats are especially susceptible to plague.  They will present to the hospital with a variety of clinical syndromes, such as abscesses or pneumonia.  Staff can be exposed to the bacteria if appropriate PPE is not used.

Hunters and hikers are also at risk of exposure to plague.  Care must be taken to prevent flea bites by tucking in pants and using DEET insect repellants.  Always wear gloves when handling any animals with open wounds.  Avoid any areas where large numbers of dead rodents are noted.

Keep pet dogs and cats inside, and current on flea prevention.  Do not allow them to roam freely outside to hunt wild animals. 

If you suspect you have been exposed to an infected animal or flea, consult your physician immediately.  Treatment is most effective when started early.